Reduced-step cmos processes for low cost radio frequency identification devices

ABSTRACT

Reduced-step CMOS processes for low-cost integrated circuits (ICs) and, more particularly, low-cost radio frequency identification (RFID) devices are disclosed. The CMOS processes disclosed provide sufficient device performance and reliability while reducing the number and complexity of required process steps, thereby reducing the cost for manufacturing ICs. By recognizing the particular needs for low-cost integrated circuits such as RFID devices (for example, reduced needs for performance, power and longevity) and by identifying a reduced set of CMOS process steps, an advantageous solution is achieved for producing low-cost integrated circuits and low-cost RFID devices.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATION

The present application is a division of U.S. Pat. No. 10,916,333entitled REDUCED-STEP CMOS PROCESSES FOR LOW-COST RADIO FREQUENCYIDENTIFICATION DEVICES, filed Aug. 11, 2004, which is incorporated byreference herein its entirety.

TECHNICAL FIELD OF THE INVENTION

This invention relates to radio frequency identification (RFID) systemsand more particularly to the manufacture of RFID tags for such systems.

BACKGROUND

Over the last twenty years, integrated circuit fabrication technologyhas progressed so that high performance devices can be fabricated involume production. Many features have been incorporated into the processto achieve high performance, high density and high reliability.Additionally, process features have been added to increase capabilitiessuch as implants for capacitors and special gate oxides for transistorswith multiple threshold voltage values. In some cases, process stepshave been included to enable the fabrication of memories in CMOSprocesses. While these additions have significantly improved theperformance of integrated circuits and CMOS devices in particular, theseadditions to manufacturing processes have also caused the cost ofproduction to increase substantially.

Going back several IC process generations, it can be seen that some ofthe modern process features were not available, while others were notneeded to achieve performance and reliability specifications for thedevices of the time. As process features scaled down, however, and theswitch to CMOS technology (rather than NMOS technology) was made, thespeed of the circuitry increased dramatically. These performanceimprovements and speed requirements caused changes to occur in CMOSprocesses. For example, the base CMOS process outpaced the interconnecttechnology and exposed the series resistance of transistor regions as asignificant problem. Additionally, the high performance of thetransistors tended to cause degradation of the devices, particularly inthe gate oxide due to hot carrier injection. Many additional processfeatures, therefore, were targeted at improving the parameters outsideof the transistor channel. For example, the series resistance of thegate electrode and the resistance of the source/drain junctions weretargeted with silicide or salicide processes that could decreaseresistances by an order of magnitude. Transistor parameters were alsoadjusted. For example, as transistor channel lengths decreasedsubstantially, large amounts of hot carriers began to be generated innormal operation. These hot carriers were injected into the gate oxidewith a portion of them becoming trapped in the gate oxide, oftenresulting in an increase in the threshold voltage of the transistor.This increase of threshold voltage reduced the performance of thedevice. A process called lightly-doped-drain (LDD) then became a commonadditional process step to CMOS processing. This LDD process step wasused to reduce hot carrier generation and to prevent transistordegradation. Still further, the density of signals and the density ofpower forced the use of more metal layers to meet those demands. Thus,multiple levels of metal interconnects were added to increase thedensity of interconnections. In short, CMOS processes have over theyears come to include a variety of process complexities to counteractproblems brought on by smaller, higher performance CMOS devices.

In most cases for fabrication facilities today, and particularly formicron and sub-micron device geometries, CMOS processes have becomestandardized and have specific design rules that must be met bydesigners who are designing for these CMOS processes. In addition, manyintegrated circuit design companies today do not have their ownfabrication facilities, but rather rely upon manufacturing services andstandard manufacturing processes provided by third-party suppliers, suchas TSMC (Taiwan Semiconductor Manufacturing Company). For companies thatdo have their own fabrication facilities, it is still often the casethat the manufacturing processes are first defined, and then new devicesare developed and designed subject to the defined design rules for thoseprocesses. As such, device designers, in general, seek to take advantageof the various capabilities of standard CMOS processes by maximizing thefeatures and/or operating ranges for the devices being designed.

Radio frequency identification (RFID) devices are devices that aretypically powered by collecting RF energy and rectifying the waveform tocreate a DC power supply. The RF energy is typically generated by areader system that interrogates the RFID device by transmitting an RFsignal at a selected frequency, or within a frequency range, withrespect to which the RFID device has been designed to respond. The RFinterrogation signal can contain commands to communicate with the RFIDdevice, so that the exact “identity” of the chip can be determined bythe transmitter. Often RFID tag circuitry includes integrated circuitrythat is connected to an antenna in the surrounding package material. Andcurrent efforts are being made to bring this antenna on to the chipitself.

There are a wide variety of applications within which RFID systems canbe utilized. For example, manufacturing and sales channel applicationsare currently being targeted as likely industries within which RFIDtechnology could provide significant advantages. This RFID technology,therefore, has the potential of being an extremely high volumeintegrated circuit (IC) application compared to many ICs in productiontoday. One of the biggest barriers for the universal implementation ofsuch RFID technology today, however, is the device cost for the RFIDtags themselves. As such, there is a desire in the RFID industry toreduce the cost of each RFID tags to about five cents. It is believedthat if such a low-cost solution could be achieved, the barrier to entryfor companies desiring to implement RFID systems would be significantlyreduced such that RFID tags would begin to be placed on a large portionof goods that are manufactured and sold. Although some focus has beenapplied to CMOS processing technologies to solve the problem of making alow-cost RFID tag, a viable and efficient CMOS process solution has yetto be adequately identified or achieved.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

The present invention provides reduced-step CMOS processes for low-costintegrated circuits (ICs) and, more particularly, low-cost radiofrequency identification (RFID) devices. The CMOS processes of thepresent invention provide for sufficient device performance andreliability while reducing the number and complexity of required processsteps, thereby reducing the cost to a level that could enable widespread adoption of RFID technology. By recognizing the particular needsfor low-cost integrated circuits such as RFID devices (for example,reduced needs for performance, power and longevity) and by identifying areduced set of CMOS process steps, the present invention has achieved anadvantageous solution to the problem of producing low-cost integratedcircuits and more particularly, low-cost RFID devices.

In one embodiment, the present invention is a method for CMOS processingof low-cost integrated circuits, including forming first-type wellregions within a second-type semiconductor substrate, creatingsecond-type MOS transistors within the first-type well regions andfirst-type MOS transistors within the substrate without utilizing alightly doped drain (LDD) process, and providing interconnect circuitryutilizing polysilicon layers without utilizing a silicide or salicideprocess and utilizing fewer than two metal interconnect layers. Inaddition, the method can further include controlling threshold voltagesfor the first-type MOS transistors with a processing step directed tothe channels of the first-type MOS transistors, allowing the controllingstep to apply to the channels of the second-type MOS transistors aswell, thereby allowing threshold voltages for the second-type MOStransistors to vary. Additionally, the threshold voltage of thetransistors can be determined solely by the impurity concentration ofthe substrate for transistors located outside the well region, and bythe well concentration for transistors inside the well region. Moreparticularly, the CMOS process can have a minimum device geometry of 1.0microns or less or preferably a minimum device geometry of 0.5 micronsor less. The method can also include fabricating an integrated radiofrequency identification (RFID) device. And the providing interconnectcircuitry step can be carried out without performing a chemicalmechanical polishing (CMP) processing step. Still further, thefabrication can be completed using 9 or fewer masks. As described below,other features and variations can be implemented, if desired, andrelated devices and integrated circuits can be utilized, as well.

In another embodiment, the present invention is a low-cost CMOSintegrated circuit, including first-type MOS transistors formed within asecond-type semiconductor substrate without utilizing a lightly dopeddrain (LDD) process, second-type MOS transistors formed in first-typewell regions within the substrate without utilizing a LDD process, andinterconnect circuitry comprising non-salicide and non-salicidepolysilicon layers and two or fewer metal interconnect layers. Inaddition, the integrated circuit can have first-type MOS transistorswith controlled threshold voltages and second-type MOS transistors withvaried threshold voltages. More particularly, the integrated circuit canhave minimum device geometries of 1.0 microns or less or preferablyminimum device geometries of 0.5 microns or less. Still further, theintegrated circuit can be an integrated radio frequency identification(RFID) device, and the RFID device can further include power circuitry,receive path circuitry, transmit path circuitry and logic circuitry. Inaddition, the RFID device may cost five cents or fewer to fabricate. Andthe integrated circuitry can be configured at least in part to accountfor the varied threshold voltages for the second-type MOS transistors.As described below, other features and variations can be implemented, ifdesired, and related processing methods can be utilized, as well.

DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

It is noted that the appended drawings illustrate only exemplaryembodiments of the invention and are, therefore, not to be consideredlimiting of its scope, for the invention may admit to other equallyeffective embodiments.

FIG. 1A is a block diagram for a radio frequency identification (RFID)implementation utilizing low-cost CMOS integrated circuit RFID tagsaccording to the present invention.

FIG. 1B is a block diagram for a low-cost CMOS integrated circuit RFIDtags utilizing embedded non-volatile memory circuitry according to thepresent invention.

FIG. 2A is a process layer diagram for a PMOS transistor made using alow-cost, reduced step CMOS process according to the present invention.

FIG. 2B is a process layer diagram for an NMOS transistor made using alow-cost, reduced step CMOS process according to the present invention.

FIG. 2C is a process layer diagram for a PMOS transistor and an NMOStransistor made using a low-cost, reduced step CMOS process according tothe present invention.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

The present invention provides reduced-step CMOS processes for radiofrequency identification (RFID) devices, and other low-cost integratedcircuits, that achieve sufficient device performance and reliabilitywhile maintaining low cost. Although some of the standard CMOS processsteps that have been added over the years can help provide functionalityand reliability for low-cost RFID devices, other process enhancementshave been identified, according to the present invention, as beingunnecessary for low-cost RFID devices and potentially other low-costintegrated circuits.

FIGS. 1A and 1B below are first discussed below with respect to an RFIDsystem and associated RFID tag. A discussion of CMOS processes accordingto the present invention are then discussed, followed by a discussion ofexample process layers with respect to cross-section diagrams in FIGS.2A-2C.

FIG. 1A is a block diagram for an RFID implementation 120 utilizinglow-cost CMOS integrated circuit RFID tags 100 according to the presentinvention. In the embodiment depicted, a number of different items 102A,102B, 102C . . . have associated with them a low-cost CMOS integratedcircuit (IC) RFID tag 100. A reader system 104 is configured tointerrogate the RFID tag 100, thereby communicating with the RFID tag100 to obtain information stored on the RFID tag 100. The RFID system106 would then communicate with the reader system 104 to obtain andprocess the retrieved information. In the embodiment depicted, theinformation stored in the RFID tag 100 would have been previously placedon the RFID tag 100, for example, during manufacture of the RFID tag 100or at a later time by a data writing system. As also would be understoodin the RFID tag industry, the RFID tags 100 can provide usefulinformation related to these items for supply chain, tracking or otherpurposes, as desired, depending upon the environment within which theRFID system 106 has been implemented. In addition, although it isdesirable for the RFID tag 100 to be a passive device that is poweredsolely by the interrogation energy from the reader 104, the RFID tag 100could also be powered by a separate power supply source, if desired. Itis further noted that the system 104 could also include the ability towrite data to the RFID tag 100, if desired.

FIG. 1B is a block diagram for a low-cost CMOS integrated circuit RFIDtag 100 utilizing embedded non-volatile memory circuitry 150 accordingto the present invention. In the embodiment depicted, the RFID tag 100includes antenna circuitry 156 that is coupled to receive path circuitry158 and transmit path circuitry 160. As would be understood in the RFIDtag industry, the antenna circuitry can be integrated within the rest ofthe circuitry for the RFID tag 100, can be external to the integratedcircuitry, or can be included within the package for the integratedcircuitry. For a passive RFID tag 100, the power circuitry 154 is alsocoupled to the antenna circuitry and generates power for the circuitrywithin the RFID tag 100 from the interrogation energy received throughthe antenna 156. The RFID tag 100 also includes memory circuitry 150 andlogic circuitry 152, which performs the desired logic operations for theRFID tag 100 and can be connected to the other circuitry within the RFIDtag 100, such as the receive path circuitry 158, the transmit pathcircuitry 160 and the memory circuitry 150. The memory circuitry 150 canbe embedded non-volatile memory that is capable of being integrated withthe other circuitry using CMOS processing. Examples for such embeddednon-volatile memory circuitry are described in the following U.S. patentapplications: application Ser. No. 10/306,572 entitled “NON-VOLATILEMEMORY ELEMENT INTEGRATABLE WITH STANDARD CMOS CIRCUITRY AND RELATEDPROGRAMMING METHODS AND EMBEDDED MEMORIES,” application Ser. No.10/306,571 entitled “METHOD OF UTILIZING VOLTAGE GRADIENTS TO GUIDEDIELECTRIC BREAKDOWNS FOR NON-VOLATILE MEMORY ELEMENTS AND RELATEDEMBEDDED MEMORIES,” and application Ser. No. 10/305,735, entitled“METHOD OF UTILIZING A PLURALITY OF VOLTAGE PULSES TO PROGRAMNON-VOLATILE MEMORY ELEMENTS AND RELATED EMBEDDED MEMORIES,” which areall hereby incorporated by reference in their entireties.

Studying the standard CMOS technologies, it was identified as part ofthe present invention that many standard CMOS capabilities are excessivefor RFID devices needed for many applications, including applicationsthat desire low-cost solutions. The operational lifetime for the typicalRFID device, for example, is very limited, and thus the RFID device willlikely not undergo significant degradation due to high electric field,large channel currents or large thermal cycles caused by significantpower dissipation requirements over time. Also, the power availableon-chip for RFID applications is typically limited and is often appliedin a gradual ramp. This means that there is little possibility forlatch-up problems induced by power supply start-up transients. Likewise,electrostatic discharge (ESD) issues are less of a concern. ESD eventsare often related to high-energy discharges from external static pulses.Because RFID devices are often completely isolated due to theirpackaging, no specific ESD process features are likely needed. Inaddition, basic CMOS circuitry consists of both NMOS and PMOStransistors that are typically fabricated to target specifications thatproduce high performance circuitry.

With respect to RFID devices, the present invention recognizes thatthese goals can be relaxed for the PMOS transistors and maintained forthe NMOS devices. This reduction in target specifications can reduceprocessing requirements by eliminating the need for multiple implantsfor setting the threshold voltages of both PMOS and NMOS transistors. Aspart of the present invention, the NMOS transistors can be targeted, andthe PMOS transistors can accept a wide variation in performance, andthese variations can also be dealt with in circuit design, if desired.

As many integrated circuits (ICs) are operated, physical degradation ofthe IC structure can take place. For example, if the transistors of anIC are switching large voltages, currents, or operating at elevatedfrequencies, then the IC will sustain significant damage as compared toan IC whose transistors have reduced operating parameters. To limit thisdegradation, standard CMOS processes typically incorporate structuraldesign features on the chip, or incorporate process steps, which serveto suppress such IC degradation. However, as recognized with respect tothe present invention, the standard CMOS process can be simplified byremoving those steps that prevent IC degradation under certainconditions, for example, where the IC is not required to operate atelevated parameters, where the IC's exposure to such parameters islimited, where the IC is operated only for short periods at a time,and/or the IC itself is intended to only have a short operating life.

In the past, as processes scaled down to micron and sub-microndimensions, the feature sizes of the transistors and the characteristicsof these transistors became more standardized. Some reasons for thetrend toward standardization were the advent of silicon foundries andthe limited choices of fabrication equipment. For example, prior to 0.5micron CMOS processes, semiconductor manufacturers did not typicallyadhere to a common set of process steps, but rather utilized varyingprocess techniques that differentiated the processes of eachmanufacturer. However, at 0.5 micron and below, CMOS manufacturers, dueto technical complexity and the limited availability of equipmentcapable of fabricating the smaller geometries, have evolved CMOSprocesses that have similar process steps, with little variation amongmanufacturers. Those processes at 0.5 micron and below utilize stepsdesigned to reduce IC degradation, some steps of which are not requiredfor the IC fabrication and processes of the present invention. Forexample, as discussed herein, the lightly-doped-drain (LDD) implantationis among the standard steps of the 0.5 micron and below CMOS process.While LDD serves to limit hot carrier injection (HCI), which causestransistor degradation by shifting the transistor's threshold voltage,it is not necessary for operation of the low-cost ICs of the presentinvention. Aside from IC degradation concerns, as CMOS geometries havebeen reduced, CMOS manufacturers have also utilized salicide andsilicide as standard process steps to reduce the resistances of thesource, drain, and gate. However, as discussed herein, because of theoperating parameters of the present invention, these process steps arenot required. Thus, certain CMOS steps that are unnecessary to thesuccessful operation of the present invention can be removed, thusallowing for a low cost RFID solution to be achieved by the presentinvention.

According to the present invention, therefore, low-cost integratedcircuits (ICs), such as low-cost RFID devices, can be fabricated byeliminating certain processing steps or features that are used instandard CMOS processes in use today in various foundries andfabrication facilities. In addition, it is contemplated that thisreduction of steps be applied to micron and sub-micron CMOS processes,which are CMOS processes that have minimum device geometries of about1.0 micron or less. In other words, the CMOS processing of the presentinvention is preferably directed to 1.0 micron or less CMOS processesand more particularly to 0.5 micron or less CMOS process. In addition,using the reduced step CMOS processes described herein, low-cost RFIDdevices or ICs are preferably fabricated for five cents or fewer perRFID device or IC. The following TABLE provides a list and descriptionfor one or more features that can be eliminated, according to thepresent invention, to reduce the cost of producing ICs and moreparticularly, low-cost RFID ICs.

TABLE 1 STANDARD CMOS PROCESS STEPS TO ELIMINATE Feature or Process StepDescription LDD—Lightly LDD had been adopted in standard CMOS processesto Doped Drain reduce the effects of hot carrier injection (HCI) intothe oxide. The HCI problem degrades transistor performance over manyhours of use, and causes a threshold voltage shift in the transistors.Due to limited operation lifetimes, RFID devices do not need thisfeature. Silicide/ Silicide and salicide processes have been used toSalicide metallize polysilicon layers and silicon areas. The Processesmetallization of the polysilicon layer and the source- drain areasreduces resistance and results in a higher speed device. The dataprocessing speed required for applications such as RFID do not requiresuch high- speed contacts. EPI Layer Typically wafers are heavily dopedsubstrates with a Wafers lightly doped epitaxial layer of severalmicrons. This layer permits the fabrication of transistors in a lightlydoped background, while making the device immune to latch-up. Inapplications where latch-up is not an issue, such as with RFID devices,the use of EPI wafers can be avoided by selecting the appropriatestarting wafer concentration. Other benefits of EPI, such as reducedjunction capacitance, is a performance factor, and may be unnecessaryfor RFID devices. Vt Adjust Typical standard CMOS processes todayinclude Implants additional process steps that provide accurate controlof the threshold voltages for both PMOS transistors and NMOStransistors. The fabrication process of the present invention canclosely control the threshold voltage of one type of transistor whilethe complementary transistor may have more variation. The design can beadjusted to maintain performance and good margins with variations in onetype of transistor. Similar to very early CMOS processes, the process ofthe present invention can provide accurate control on the NMOStransistors and have much more variation on the PMOS transistors. Also,the control of the PMOS can be targeted, and the NMOS can be left tohave wider variation. Additionally, the Vt implant may be eliminated,and the threshold voltage would be a result of the background doping ofthe well and substrate. In this case, the threshold voltage of thetransistors is then determined solely by the impurity concentration ofthe substrate for transistors located outside the well region, and bythe well concentration for transistors inside the well region. FieldImplants Additional field implants, and channel stop implants, are usedto increase the device density. These implants prevent closely spacedtransistors from having electrical interaction. These field implant andchannel stop process steps can be eliminated by increasing the distancesbetween adjacent devices. As such, the PMOS and the NMOS transistors arenot separated by field implants. ESD Structures ESD is a significantproblem that occurs during device handling. In situations where thedevice is not subjected to handling, the ESD issue is not a largeconcern. Some processes include steps to make robust ESD protectionstructures resulting in higher fabrication costs. This can be eliminatedfor low cost ICs that do not experience handling problems. Metal PlugsMetal plugs, such as tungsten, are used to fill the contact and viaholes to facilitate the planarization process, and the metal plugprocess can also be eliminated since the planarization is not requiredfor the low cost CMOS process. Chemical CMP is used to planarize thewafers so that multiple Mechanical metal layers can be used withouthaving large step Polishing coverage problems. For low cost ICs, thenumber of metal layers can be limited to 2 layers, and the second metalcan be of coarse dimensions, which can allow the metal to cover steps inthe wafer without having broken or weak connections. The need for CMP iseliminated, and cost can be reduced.

As discussed above, in an application such as RFID systems that needlow-cost devices to be commercially reasonable, identifying a limitedprocess that will still produce a viable product is an important key toreducing the cost of RFID devices to a level that enables wide spreadadoption of this technology. As set forth with respect to the presentinvention, the device performance and reliability can be met with a muchsimpler process than standard CMOS processes, which are directed to highperformance and high density ICs. In contrast, the RFID device needsonly a limited amount of actual device operational performance, and theamount of power available on-chip is generally very low. The followingprocess mask steps provide an example sequence of steps that could beutilized to fabricate RFID ICs, according to the present invention, witha reduced number of masks and related process steps.

-   -   1. N-well definition (coarse line mask)    -   2. Active area definition (fine line mask)—This mask defines and        determines the thin oxide areas such as gate oxides.    -   3. Polysilicon patterning (fine line mask)—This mask defines the        polysilicon gate and routing.    -   4. N+/P+ mask (dual purpose mask or double masks that are not        fine line masks)—This mask determines which active area receives        the N+ or P+ source/drain implantation.    -   5. Contact definition (fine line mask)    -   6. Metal 1 pattern (fine line mask)    -   7. Via definition (large via-moderate line mask)    -   8. Metal 2 (moderate line)    -   9. Passivation (could possibly be eliminated if device can be        inductively powered and tested)

In conclusion, with this example reduced-step CMOS process, there are atotal of 9 masks with only 4-5 of those masks being fine line masks. Assuch, the cost for this CMOS processing is significantly reduced because9 or fewer masks are utilized in fabrication.

The process layer diagrams of FIGS. 2A-2C provide example NMOS and PMOStransistor structures that could result from a use of this reduced setof process steps. These will now be discussed.

FIG. 2A is a process layer diagram for a PMOS transistor made using alow-cost, reduced step CMOS process according to the present invention.In the embodiment 200 depicted, a substrate 220 can be a P-typesubstrate. An N-type well 222 is formed within the substrate 220.Regions 208 are barrier layers and can be formed, for example, assilicon dioxide layers. These barrier layers 208 form protective fieldoxide regions between adjacent active devices. Gate oxide 225, whichlies above the N-type channel for the PMOS transistor and underlies thegate 228, can also be formed as a silicon dioxide layer. Regions 224 and226 are the source and drain for the PMOS transistor and are formed bydoping these active regions to be P-type. Region 228 is the gate for thePMOS transistor and can be formed, for example, by forming a polysiliconlayer. Regions 206 represent a non-conductive layer that provides apolysilicon-to-metal dielectric layer. Regions 204 represent aninter-metal dielectric layer that provides a non-conductive layerbetween metal layers. Regions 210 are source/drain contacts and can beformed as a first metal interconnect layer (Metal 1). Layer 202 is apassivation layer and can be formed as an oxide layer, such as silicondioxide. It is noted that the source/drain regions 224 and 226 can bemade with a single diffusion (or implant) and does not require P-typeLDD. The threshold voltage can instead be set by the N-wellconcentration and a blanket Vt adjust implant (if needed).

FIG. 2B is a process layer diagram for an NMOS transistor made using alow-cost, reduced step CMOS process according to the present invention.In the embodiment 230 depicted, a substrate 220 can be a P-typesubstrate. Regions 208 are barrier layers and can be formed, forexample, as silicon dioxide layers. As above, these barrier layers 208form protective field oxide regions between adjacent active devices.Gate oxide 215, which lies above the P-type channel for the NMOStransistor and underlies the gate 212, can also be formed as a silicondioxide layer. Regions 214 and 216 are the source and drain for the NMOStransistor and are formed by doping these active regions to be N-type.Region 212 is the gate for the NMOS transistor and can be formed, forexample, by forming a polysilicon layer. Regions 206 represent anon-conductive layer that provides a polysilicon-to-metal dielectriclayer. Regions 204 represent an inter-metal dielectric layer thatprovides a non-conductive layer between metal layers. Regions 210 aresource/drain contacts and can be formed as a first metal interconnectlayer (Metal 1). Layer 202 is a passivation layer and can be formed asan oxide layer, such as silicon dioxide. It is noted that the transistordevice is located within the substrate, and the bulk concentration canbe determined by starting material, if desired. The source/drain regions214 and 216 can be made with a single diffusion (or implant).

FIG. 2C is a process layer diagram for a PMOS transistor and an NMOStransistor made using a low-cost, reduced step CMOS process according tothe present invention. In the embodiment 250 depicted, a substrate 220can be a P-type substrate. An N-type well 222 is formed within thesubstrate 220. Regions 208 are barrier layers and can be formed, forexample, as silicon dioxide layers. These barrier layers 208 formprotective field oxide regions between adjacent active devices. The gateoxide 225 and the gate oxide 215 can also be formed as a silicon dioxidelayer. As above, regions 224 and 226 are the source and drain for thePMOS transistor and are formed by doping these active regions to beP-type. Region 228 is the gate for the PMOS transistor and can beformed, for example, by forming a polysilicon layer. As above, regions214 and 216 are the source and drain for the NMOS transistor and areformed by doping these active regions to be N-type. Region 212 is thegate for the NMOS transistor and can be formed, for example, by forminga polysilicon layer. Regions 206 represent a non-conductive layer thatprovides a polysilicon-to-metal dielectric layer. Regions 204 representan inter-metal dielectric layer that provides a non-conductive layerbetween metal layers. Regions 210 are source/drain contacts and can beformed as a first metal interconnect layer (Metal 1) that can provideconductive routing among active devices. Layer 202 is a passivationlayer and can be formed as an oxide layer, such as silicon dioxide. Andregion 252 is an additional metal interconnect layer (Metal 2) that canprovide additional conductive routing among active devices.

In the embodiments of FIGS. 2A-2C, it is noted that the substrate isP-type and contains NMOS transistors. As discussed above, the NMOStransistors can have threshold voltages (Vt) that are set by a Vtimplant that is applied to both the NMOS and PMOS thin gate oxide areas.The PMOS threshold voltages can have a wider variation for purposes oflow-cost circuits such as the low-cost RFID tags of the presentinvention, because most circuits for such devices will be more dependentupon the Vt of the NMOS transistors. Thus, the PMOS threshold voltages(Vt) can be set in a less controlled manner, for example, by relyingupon the combination of the N-well doping and a Vt implant for the NMOStransistors, if desired. In other words, the PMOS threshold voltages canbe accepted as what they end up being after fabrication that is focusedon controlling the parameter of the NMOS transistors.

It is further noted that the source/drain profiles will provide asufficient junction reverse bias breakdown voltage (BVdss) to facilitatethe voltage levels for the operation of the various circuits such asvoltage generators, regulators, charge pumps, and non-volatile memoryprogramming. Also, the junctions can be self-aligned to the polysiliconedge and may be allowed to have some overlap due to out-diffusion. Theperformance of the circuitry can still be adequate for the intendedlow-cost applications, such as low-cost RFID tags. As indicated above,LDD is not essential for such applications because hot carrier effects,which LDD is designed to reduce, are not critical problems for a devicethat is expected to have a short operating lifetime. Furthermore, thecircuitry itself can be designed to tolerate a carrier induced Vt shift.In addition, silicide/salicide processes are not needed on thepolysilicon or on the source/drain regions as the resistance can bereduced by layout guidelines to limit the length of current paths inthese conductors.

In addition, the substrate has been described herein as a P-typesubstrate within which devices are formed. If desired, an N-typesubstrate could also be utilized as the starting material for thefabrication of integrated circuits according to the present invention.As such, the N-type and P-type semiconductor material, doping, implants,device types, etc., as discussed above, would be switched if an N-typesubstrate were utilized. More generally, in the description above,N-type designations can be understood as first-type designations, andthe P-type designations can be understood as second-type designations.Thus, if desired, N-type can be used as the first-type, and P-type canbe used as the second-type. Alternatively, P-type can be used as thefirst-type, and N-type can be used as the second-type.

Further modifications and alternative embodiments of this invention willbe apparent to those skilled in the art in view of this description. Itwill be recognized, therefore, that the present invention is not limitedby these example arrangements. Accordingly, this description is to beconstrued as illustrative only and is for the purpose of teaching thoseskilled in the art the manner of carrying out the invention. It is to beunderstood that the forms of the invention herein shown and describedare to be taken as the presently preferred embodiments. Various changesmay be made in the implementations and architectures. For example,equivalent elements may be substituted for those illustrated anddescribed herein, and certain features of the invention may be utilizedindependently of the use of other features, as would be apparent to oneskilled in the art after having the benefit of this description of theinvention.

1. A low-cost CMOS integrated circuit, comprising: first-type MOStransistors formed within a second-type semiconductor substrate withoututilizing a lightly doped drain (LDD) process; second-type MOStransistors formed in first-type well regions within the substratewithout utilizing a LDD process; and interconnect circuitry comprisingnon-silicide and non-salicide polysilicon layers and two or fewer metalinterconnect layers.
 2. The low-cost CMOS integrated circuit of claim 1,wherein the first-type is N-type, the second-type is P-type, thefirst-type MOS transistors are NMOS transistors, and the second-type MOStransistors are PMOS transistors.
 3. The low-cost CMOS integratedcircuit of claim 2, wherein the NMOS transistors have controlledthreshold voltages and the PMOS transistors have varied thresholdvoltages.
 4. The low-cost CMOS integrated circuit of claim 1, whereinthe first-type is P-type, the second-type is N-type, the first-type MOStransistors are PMOS transistors, and the second-type MOS transistorsare NMOS transistors.
 5. The low-cost CMOS integrated circuit of claim4, wherein the NMOS transistors have controlled threshold voltages andthe PMOS transistors have varied threshold voltages.
 6. The low-costCMOS integrated circuit of claim 1, wherein the integrated circuit has aminimum device geometry of 1.0 microns or less.
 7. The low-cost CMOSintegrated circuit of claim 1, wherein the integrated circuit has aminimum device geometry of 0.5 microns or less.
 8. The low-cost CMOSintegrated circuit of claim 1, wherein the integrated circuit comprisesan integrated radio frequency identification (RFID) device.
 9. Thelow-cost CMOS integrated circuit of claim 8, wherein the interconnectcircuitry for the integrated circuit was formed without utilizing metalplugs to fill contact holes.
 10. The low-cost CMOS integrated circuit ofclaim 8, wherein the interconnect circuitry for the integrated circuitwas formed without utilizing a Chemical Mechanical Polishing (CMP)process step.
 11. The low-cost CMOS integrated circuit of claim 8,wherein the first-type MOS and the second-type MOS transistors are notseparated by a field implant.
 12. The low-cost CMOS integrated circuitof claim 8, further comprising embedded memory within the RFID device.13. The low-cost CMOS integrated circuit of claim 12, wherein theembedded memory comprises non-volatile memory.
 14. The low-cost CMOSintegrated circuit of claim 8, further comprising an antenna integratedwith the RFID device.
 15. The low-cost CMOS integrated circuit of claim8, wherein the RFID device does not include electrostatic discharge(ESD) protection circuitry.
 16. The low-cost CMOS integrated circuit ofclaim 1, wherein the substrate does not include a lightly dopedepitaxial (EPI) layer.
 17. The low-cost CMOS integrated circuit of claim8, wherein the RFID device further comprises power circuitry, receivepath circuitry, transmit path circuitry and logic circuitry.
 18. Thelow-cost CMOS integrated circuit of claim 17, wherein the RFID devicecosts five cents or fewer to fabricate.
 19. The low-cost CMOS integratedcircuit of claim 17, wherein the circuitry is configured at least inpart to account for the varied threshold voltages for the second-typeMOS transistors.
 20. The low-cost CMOS integrated circuit of claim 8,wherein the first-type MOS and the second-type MOS transistors are notseparated by a field implant, wherein the interconnect circuitry for theintegrated circuit was formed without utilizing a Chemical MechanicalPolishing (CMP) process step, wherein the RFID device does not includeelectrostatic discharge (ESD) protection circuitry, and wherein thesubstrate does not include a lightly doped epitaxial (EPI) layer.